A comprehensive guide for legislators covering Bitcoin fundamentals, mining economics, energy impacts, and policy recommendations for the digital asset economy.
Policy recommendations for Bitcoin kiosk regulation — balancing financial access for underbanked populations with consumer protection and fraud prevention.
A peer-reviewed study examining how Bitcoin mining can be integrated with landfill gas-to-energy systems to reduce methane emissions while generating new revenue streams. Uses Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate that Bitcoin mining can improve the financial viability of methane mitigation projects without relying on subsidies.
A Supply and Demand Framework for Bitcoin Price Forecasting
Peer-Reviewed
Rudd & Porter (2025) Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(2), 66
A flexible supply and demand equilibrium framework for forecasting Bitcoin price trajectories based on its fixed, inelastic supply and evolving demand dynamics. Integrates institutional adoption and long-term holding patterns with demand drivers calibrated to real-world data.
Rudd & Porter (2025) Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(10), 570
A bottom-up, quantity-clearing framework for Bitcoin price formation coupling its fixed 21-million-coin cap with plausible demand growth and execution behavior. Monte Carlo simulation results suggest a 50% likelihood that Bitcoin price will exceed USD 5.17M by April 2036.
Bitcoin's Carbon Footprint Revisited: Proof of Work Mining for Renewable Energy Expansion
Peer-Reviewed
Ibañez & Freier (2023) Challenges, 14, 35
A systematic review of the relationship between Bitcoin mining and grid decarbonization. Finds that renewable-based mining could drive a net-decarbonizing effect on energy grids, highlighting Bitcoin mining's potential role as a facilitator for renewable energy expansion.
Examines whether partial allocations to Bitcoin and gold could have bolstered state Rainy Day Fund performance from 2018 to 2024. Finds that modest Bitcoin allocations (3% or more) consistently hedge inflation, boosting real returns above the risk-free baseline.
Leveraging Bitcoin Miners as Flexible Load Resources for Power System Stability
SSRN Preprint
Carter, Connell, Jones, Porter & Rudd (2023) SSRN Working Paper
Co-authored by former ERCOT CEO Brad Jones. Reviews Bitcoin mining as a catalyst for clean energy and effective power grid management, focusing on miners' inherent interruptibility and swift demand response to enhance grid flexibility and stability.
Economic Integration of Bitcoin Mining in Renewable Energy and Grid Management
SSRN Preprint
Rudd & Porter (2024) SSRN Working Paper
Examines Bitcoin mining's potential role in enhancing electricity grid stability and supporting the integration of variable renewable energy sources. Finds that Bitcoin mining can reduce renewable energy curtailment, provide economic benefits to VRE producers, and lower overall electricity prices.